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Induction Hardening Applications [.pdf format]

Induction hardening of gears and critical components. Part 1

Authors: Valery Rudnev
Publication: Gear Technology
Date: 9/1/2008

Induction hardening is a heat treating technique that can be used to selectively harden portions of a gear, such as the flanks, roots and tips of teeth, providing improved hardness, wear resistance, and contact fatigue strength without affecting the metallurgy of the core and other parts of the component that don't require change. This article provides an overview of the process and special considerations for heat treating gears. Part I covers gear materials, desired microsctructure, coil design and tooth-by-tooth induction hardening. Part II, which will appear in the next issue, covers spin hardening and various heating concepts used with it.

Metallurgical insights for induction heat treaters. Part 4: Obtaining fully martensitic structures using water spray quenching

Authors: Valery Rudnev
Publication: Heat Treating Progress, Professor Induction Series
Date: 3/1/2008

This article is one of series of articles devoted to metallurgical aspects of induction hardening. In induction hardening of steels, the ability to obtain a certain degree of martensitic structure is often the measure of the success of the process. Martensite is a supersaturated solid solution of carbon in ferrite with a body-centered tetragonal (BCT) structure. Upon rapid cooling, carbon is trapped in the crystal structure. The high hardness developed in the steel is due to the distortion that occurs during the transformation from face-centered cubic (FCC) austenite to BCT martensite. Article discusses an ability of obtaining martensitic structures in induction hardening applications.

Metallurgical insights for induction heat treaters. Part 3: Limitations of TT and CTT diagrams

Authors: Valery Rudnev
Publication: Heat Treating Process, Professor Induction Series
Date: 11/1/2007

This article is one of series of articles devoted to metallurgical aspects of induction hardening. Article discusses applicability of TTT and CCT diagrams in induction hardening applications. Both the TTT and CCT diagrams were developed assuming homogeneous austenite, which is not always the case in induction hardening. Rapid induction heating appreciably affects the kinetics of austenite formation and carbon distribution within it. Results of computer modeling of induction scan hardening of shaft using numerical computer modeling are shown here as well.

Metallurgical insights for induction heat treaters. Part 2: Spray quenching subtleties

Authors: Valery Rudnev
Publication: Heat Treating Process, Professor Induction Series
Date: 8/1/2007

This article is one of series of articles devoted to metallurgical aspects of induction hardening. Spray quenching is typically used in induction hardening applications. In induction hardening of cylindrically shaped parts (axle shafts, spindles, rods, camshafts, and gears, for example), spray quenching works best if the component is rotated during the quenching operation, which ensures cooling uniformity. Presentation discusses specifics of spray quenching, difference in cooling curves, "cold sink" effect, and other important phenomena related to cooling stages during spray quenching.

Metallurgical insights for induction heat treaters. Part 1: Induction hardening temperatures

Authors: Valery Rudnev
Publication: Heat Treating Process, Professor Induction Series
Date: 5/1/2007

This article is one of series of articles devoted to metallurgical aspects of induction hardening. Hardening of steels and cast irons represents the most popular application of induction heat treatment. The three most common forms of induction hardening are surface hardening, through hardening, and selective hardening. Intricacies of selecting induction hardening temperatures and phase transformation diagrams are discussed in this article.

Systematic analysis of induction coil failures. Part 10: Contactless inductors.

Authors: Valery Rudnev
Publication: Heat Treating Process, Professor Induction Series
Date: 3/1/2007

This article is one of series of articles devoted to a systematic scientific/engineering analysis of failures of induction heating coils and prevention. The previous entry in this series discussed split or clamshell inductors used for hardening irregular shapes that do not allow an inductor to encircle the part. At the same time, in other applications such as strip or plate heat treating and coating (galvanizing, galvannealing, galvaluming, nonmetallic coating, and paint drying, for example), the ability to move the induction coil from the heating position to an off-line position is considered an important system requirement. Solenoid induction heaters with water-cooled "doors" are sometime used for such applications. Article discusses patented doorless induction coils that allow increasing coil life and eliminating the maintenance problems associated with high-frequency current interrupting a doored inductor.

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